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Julian (emperor)
Julian ((ラテン語:Flavius Claudius Iulianus Augustus), (ギリシア語:Φλάβιος Κλαύδιος Ἰουλιανὸς Αὔγουστος);〔In Classical Latin, Julian's name would be inscribed as FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS.〕 331/332〔Tougher, 12, citing Bouffartigue: ''L'Empereur Julien et la culture de son temps'' p. 30 for the argument for 331; A.H. Jones, J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I" p.447 (Iulianus 29) argues for May or June 332.〕 – 26 June 363), also known as Julian the Apostate, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.
A member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julian became ''Caesar'' over the western provinces by order of Constantius II in 355 and in this role campaigned successfully against the Alamanni and Franks. Most notable was his crushing victory over the Alamanni in 357 at the Battle of Argentoratum despite being outnumbered. In 360 in Lutetia (Paris) he was proclaimed ''Augustus'' by his soldiers, sparking a civil war between Julian and Constantius. Before the two could face each other in battle, however, Constantius died, after naming Julian as his rightful successor. In 363, Julian embarked on an ambitious campaign against the Sassanid Empire. Though initially successful, Julian was mortally wounded in battle and died shortly thereafter.
Julian was a man of unusually complex character: he was "the military commander, the theosophist, the social reformer, and the man of letters".〔Glanville Downey, "Julian the Apostate at Antioch", ''Church History'', Vol. 8, No. 4 (December, 1939), pp. 303–315. See p.305.〕 He was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and it was his desire to bring the Empire back to its ancient Roman values in order to, as he saw it, save it from dissolution.〔Athanassiadi, p.88.〕 He purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy and attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the cost of Christianity. His anti-Christian sentiment and promotion of Neoplatonic paganism caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate (Ἀποστάτης ''Apostates'', "a person who has abandoned their religion, principles"〔Chambers Dictionary〕) by the church. He was the last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty, the empire's first Christian dynasty.
==Life==
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